Bacteriologist

LoetTler’s methylene blue solution treated with Potassium hydroxide turns into Polychrome methylene blue after prolonged storage with shaking. Used in McFadyean’s reaction for Bacillus anthracis in blood films and demonstration of metachromatic granules of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

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The two methods namely Kinyoun’s and Gabbetts dont involve heating of slides, hence called cold methods. Heating is substituted by increased concentration of phenol and prolonging the duration of staining. Kinyoun’s method is favoured for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples. Gabbetts method has decolourizer and counterstain in one solution.

Quaternary ammonium compounds are positively charged polyatomic ions, which concentrate at the cell surface and alter the physical and chemical properties of the membrane, thus killing the cefl. Examples inlcude Benzalkonium chloride and Cetrimonium bromide.

An often fatal and infectious disease, caused by ingestion or inhalation of spores of Bacillus anthracis, which are normally found in soil. It is acquired by humans through contaminated wool or animal products or by inhalation of airborne spores

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121°C for 15 minutes at 15 pounds per square inch of pressure

Candida sps

For uniform distribution of heat, or else the slide may break.

☛ Extremely slender bacteria such as Treponema

☛ Cells containing waxy substances impermeable to stain such as Mycobacteria

☛ Minute intracellular bacteria such as Chlamydia and Rickettsia

☛ Cell organelles such as capsule. spore. flagella etc

A minute protozoan, occurring as a single cell with a nucleus, that changes shape by extruding its cytoplasm, leading to the formation of pseudopodia, by means of which it absorbs food and moves

These are Gram positive, nonmotile, nonsporing, noncapsulated filaments that break into bacillary and coccoid elements. They resemble fungi, and most are free living, particularly in soil.

Agarose is obtained from seaweed and is used as a resolving medium in electrophoresis. It consists of non-sulfated linear polymer, which contains D-galactose and 3:6-anhydro-L-galactose alternately.

Refers to organisms that survive in the absence of oxygen (anearobic organisms), the absence of molecular oxygen, processes occurring in the absence of oxygen like anearobic respiration.

By treating them with disinfectant, boiling or autoclaving and finally by incineration

Antiseptics are mild disinfectants that can be safely used on skin and mucous membranes.

☛ Mycobacterlum leprae - 5% H2S04

☛ Oocysts of Cryptosporidium. Isospora - 1 % H2S04

☛ Tissue sections containing Actinomyctes. Nocardia - 1 % H2S04

☛ Cultures of Nocardia - 0.5% H2S04

☛ Bacterial spores - 0.25-0.5% H2S04

☛ Rapid presumptive diagnosis of diseases such as bacterial meningitis

☛ Selection of empirical antibiotics based on Gram stain finding

☛ Selection of suitable culture media based on Gram stain finding

☛ Screening of quality of clinical specimens. such as sputum that should contain many pus cells and few epithelial cells

☛ Counting of bacteria

☛ Appreciation of morphology and types of bacteria in a clinical specimen