Programming

The Three amigos namely,

James Rumbaugh (OMT): A veteran in analysis who came up with an idea about the objects and their Relationships (in particular Associations).

Grady Booch: A veteran in design who came up with an idea about partitioning of systems into subsystems.

Ivar Jacobson (Objectory): The father of USECASES, who described about the user and system interaction.

Before 1994 there were different methodologies like Rumbaugh, Booch, Jacobson, Meyer etc who followed their own notations to model the systems.

The developers were in a dilemma to choose the method which best accomplishes their needs. This particular span was called as “method-wars”

Inner class in Programming:

classes defined in other classes, including those defined in methods are called inner classes. An inner class can have any accessibility including private.

Anonymous class in Programming:

Anonymous class is a class defined inside a method without a name and is instantiated and declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors.

Multithreading is the mechanism in which more than one thread run independent of each other within the process in any programming language such as C, C++, Java etc...

Overriding is used to redefines only the methods, but shadowing redefines the entire element.

A class does not inherit constructors from any of its super classes.

A class that is declared without any access modifiers is said to have package access. This means that the class can only be accessed by other classes and interfaces that are defined within the same package.

A super class is a class that is inherited in programming whereas the sub class is a class that does the inheriting in programming.

Difference between overloading and overriding in programming language is:

a) In overloading, there is a relationship between methods available in the same class whereas in overriding, there is relationship between a superclass method and subclass method.

b) Overloading does not block inheritance from the superclass whereas overriding blocks inheritance from the superclass.

c) In overloading, separate methods share the same name whereas in overriding, subclass method replaces the superclass.

d) Overloading must have different method signatures whereas overriding must have same signature.

An argument can be passed in two ways in a programming language. They are Pass by Value and Passing by Reference.

Passing by value: This method copies the value of an argument into the formal parameter of the subroutine.

Passing by reference: In this method, a reference to an argument (not the value of the argument) is passed to the parameter.

Object Oriented Development (OOD) (Booch 1991,1994).

Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/D) (Coad and Yourdon 1991).

Object Modeling Techniques (OMT) (Rumbaugh 1991).

Object Oriented Software Engineering (Objectory) (Jacobson 1992).

Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) (Shlaer and Mellor 1992).

The Fusion Method (Coleman 1991).

Persistent refers to an object’s ability to transcend time or space. A persistent object stores/saves its state in a permanent storage system with out losing the information represented by the object.

A non-persistent object is said to be transient or ephemeral. By default objects are considered as non-persistent.

A name clash occurs when a name is defined in more than one place. For example., two different class libraries could give two different classes the same name. If you try to use many class libraries at the same time, there is a fair chance that you will be unable to compile or link the program because of name clashes.

Object oriented programming languages directly represent the real life objects. The features of OOPL as inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation makes it powerful.

Downcasting concept is the casting from a general to a more specific type, i.e. casting down the hierarchy in programming.

No, method can not be overloaded because the methods can be called without using their return type in which case there is ambiguity for the compiler in programming languages.

Aggregation is the relationship between the whole and a part. We can add/subtract some properties in the part (slave) side. It won’t affect the whole part.

Best example is Car, which contains the wheels and some extra parts. Even though the parts are not there we can call it as car.

But, in the case of containment the whole part is affected when the part within that got affected. The human body is an apt example for this relationship. When the whole body dies the parts (heart etc) are died.

1. In procedural program, programming logic follows certain procedures and the instructions are executed one after another. In OOP program, unit of program is object, which is nothing but combination of data and code.

2. In procedural program, data is exposed to the whole program whereas in OOPs program, it is accessible with in the object and which in turn assures the security of the code.