141⟩ Anaphylaxis causes eosinophilia.
True
Pathology
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166 Pathology Questions And Answers
142⟩ Anaphylaxis causes degranulation of basophils and mast cells.
True
143⟩ Anaphylaxis is produced by Ig E antibody.
True
144⟩ Anaphylaxis causes urticaria.
True
145⟩ Necrosis is a feature in actinomycosis.
True
146⟩ Necrosis is a feature in syphilis.
True
147⟩ Necrosis is a feature in sarcoidosis.
False
148⟩ Necrosis is a feature in tuberculosis.
True
149⟩ Necrosis is a feature in leprosy.
False
150⟩ Amyloid reacts with the Congo red stains.
True
151⟩ Amyloid reacts with the thioflavine –T stains.
True
152⟩ Amyloid reacts with the methyl violet stains.
True
153⟩ Amyloid reacts with the alcian blue stains.
False
154⟩ Amyloid reacts with the Prussian blue stains.
False
155⟩ Outcomes research is often limited in the conclusions that can be drawn because of limitations in the data sources used for the studies. What are the most common data sources and what are their main limitations?
The most common data sources include large local or regional administrative databases from hospitals, insurers, or government agencies. These databases contain very limited clinical information (usually ICD-9 codes), and thus it is difficult to meaningfully stratify patients by the severity of their illness, particular symptoms or test result characteristics, or the details of their therapy.
156⟩ Define "association rules" and describe their use in exploratory data mining.
Association rules express the likelihood of co occurrence of features or events in records in a database (e.g. if a patient has characteristics A and B, he or she has an 80% chance of having characteristic C). Data-mining software can automatically identify associations in large data sets. Although many associations are trivial, some indicate causative or "common cause" relationships. Changing associations over time may also provide useful information.
157⟩ What advantage does a pathologist have over investigators in most other fields in carrying out outcomes or data-mining studies?
Some of the most important and useful data in clinical data mining are derived from pathology services (anatomic pathology diagnoses and laboratory test results). In most places, pathologists manage the systems that contain these key data.
158⟩ What are process measures in outcomes research and why are they sometimes used in place of actual outcomes data?
A process measure is a piece of data that is closely related to an outcome, but is easier to measure or more available than the actual outcome data. Thus, it is convenient to use as a surrogate measure for the outcome. For example, the effect of diabetes health education program, the number of eye examinations and regular evaluation of glycosylated hemoglobin (i.e., good practices) rather than assessing the actual long-term health of the diabetics.
159⟩ Describe the main difference between the hypothesis-testing and hypothesis-generating approaches to data mining.
In hypothesis testing, data mining is used to determine whether and under what conditions a proposed pattern exists in a large data set. In hypothesis generation, data mining is used to discover patterns in the data without prior knowledge of what kinds of patterns might exist.
160⟩ What is an "entity-relationship" diagram useful for, state briefly?
An entity-relationship diagram is a way of illustrating the structure of a relational database in a simple format. It displays the primary "entities" (tables) in the database and the relationships that exist between the data elements in the tables. It is useful as a basis for discussion during database design and in describing existing databases.
