1⟩ How do sulfonamides not interfere with host metabolism?
Mammalian cells use preformed folic acid.
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Mammalian cells use preformed folic acid.
Both Gram - and Gram +
Its Broad Spectrum
Due to the high incidence of Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Penicillin G
Lack of accessibility to target (Gram Negative)
Production of Penicillinases (Beta-Lactamase)
Alterations in Penicillin Binding Proteins
Chloramphenicol
Tetracyclines
Polyeene Antifungal Agents:
Nystatin
Amphotericin B
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
Bacitracin
Cycloserine
Sulfanilamide
According to their Mechanism of Action
Antibiotic Chemotherapy
Therapeutic Index
Chemotherapy
Sulfonamides
Produce an Additive effect
Generally results in antagonism
Generally results in a synergistic effect.
When the concentration of the drug required to weaken or kill the microorganism is greater than can be tolerated by the host.
De Novo (Intrinsic) Resistance
1) Absence of Target (Ergosterol's absent)
2) Alterations in Target (Pen. Binding Protein Alterations)
3) Low concentration at target (Interference with membrane passage)
4) Lack of metabolic activation (Antifungal Flucytosine -> Fluorouracil)
5) Inactivation (Penicillinases)
6) Escape from Effect (Alternate Metabolic Pathways)