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41 Microcomputers Questions And Answers

21⟩ What is Buddy system of memory allocation?

Free memory is maintained in linked lists, each of equal sized blocks. Any such block is of size 2k. When some memory is required by a process, the block size of next higher order is chosen, and broken into two. Note that the two such pieces differ in address only in their kth bit. Such pieces are called buddies. When any used block is freed, the OS checks to see if its buddy is also free. If so, it is rejoined, and put into the original free-block linked-list.

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22⟩ What is semantic gap?

Defining a useful channel involves both understanding the applications requirements and recognizing the limitations of the underlying technology. The gap between what applications expects and what the underlying technology can provide is called semantic gap.

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23⟩ Define Synchronous TDM?

In STDM, the multiplexer allocates exactly the same time slot to each device at all times, whether or not a device has anything to transmit.

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26⟩ List the criteria necessary for an effective and efficient network?

★ Performance:

It can be measured in many ways, including transmit time and response time. ★ Reliability:

It is measured by frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from a failure, and the network's robustness.

★ Security:

Security issues includes protecting data from unauthorized access and virues.

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28⟩ Define Belady's Anomaly?

Also called FIFO anomaly. Usually, on increasing the number of frames allocated to a process virtual memory, the process execution is faster, because fewer page faults occur. Sometimes, the reverse happens, i.e., the execution time increases even when more frames are allocated to the process. This is Belady's Anomaly. This is true for certain page reference patterns.

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30⟩ Define TDM?

TDM is a digital process that can be applied when the data rate capacity of the transmission medium is greater than the data rate required by the sending and receiving devices.

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34⟩ Explain Why did you choose to design the computer around the MOS Technologies 6502 microprocessor?

Because it was there. Because it was new. Because a few of the other members of the Cambridge University Processor Group [CUPG] were going on about it being easier to interface to circuits. I guess I don?t really know precisely why I chose the 6502 ? maybe we just had an affinity!

It cost quite a lot back in 1977/78 when I bought mine ? which was a wonderful white ceramic part with gold (coloured?) legs and lid.

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35⟩ Is there No bugs in the monitor program?

No bugs in the first, smaller, version of the software (256 bytes of code blown into PROM by Nick Toop?s PROM blower). There were a couple of problems with the cassette interface software because I got the order of bits the wrong way round (from the CUTS? standard). But hey, it was only 512 bytes: you can?t make any mistakes in that even when you write it by hand, hand assemble it and hand enter it into the PROM blower! Besides, it could debug itself to a fair extent (given that it basically worked).

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37⟩ Explain Who designed the hardware?

Me for the bottom board. Me, Stephen Furber and maybe Kim Spence-Jones for the top board (cassette interface). (Hmmm ? maybe KSJ was a little later ? he certainly did some of the work on the analogue bits of the BBC machine cassette interface.)

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38⟩ What is a microcomputer?

When combined with other integrated circuits that provide storage for data and programs, often on a single semiconductor base to form a chip, the microprocessor becomes the heart of a small computer , or microcomputer.

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39⟩ Explain Hermann Hauser (from Kings College, Cambridge University) had recently founded Acorn Computers Limited in Cambridge, with Chris Curry, correct?

Actually, that came later. The initial work was done for Hermann?s own company ?Cambridge Processor Unit? (that?s an Austrian?s idea of a joke). Hermann went for the System One and came up somehow with the Acorn name, then Clive and Chris had an argument and Chris left Science of Cambridge and joined Hermann at Acorn: the first thing that we worked on with Chris was the Atom.

At the start, CPU had consultancy contracts for fruit machines. Initially these had been SC/MP based, but they got moved to 6502s. I was first approached by Hermann at a CUPG meeting ? he wanted someone who knew about low power technology, since he had this idea for a ?electronic notebook?. I designed an anti-theft device for the fruit machines (piezo lighters [were] being used to knock out electronic devices, so I put in a wideband radio receiver to stop the fruit machine paying out mistakenly: later on the acceptance test for the machine involved it being plugged into the same power line as an arc welder and sparks being struck ? it passed!). After that Hermann wanted to see my designs that might work for the electronic notebook and asked ?will it work?? ?Of course? ?so build it?.

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40⟩ List the key elements of Microcomputers protocols?

The key elements of protocols are

a. Syntax:

It refers to the structure or format of the data, that is the order in which they are presented.

b. Semantics:

It refers to the meaning of each section of bits.

c. Timing:

Timing refers to two characteristics: When data should be sent and how fast they can be sent.

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