Dairy Chemist

A buffer is an aqueous solution which has highly stable pH. It is a blend of a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. On adding small amount of base or acid to buffer, its pH hardly changes.

According to Avogadro’s law, at same temperature and pressure equal volume of gases contains the same number or molecules regardless of the chemical nature and physical properties.

Avogadro’s number = 6.023 X 10 (-23)

Probably not. Most milk, including organic and regular milk, is delivered to stores within a few days of milking. However, some organic milk has an extended shelf life if it has undergone ultra-high temperature pasteurization.

In buffer when hydrogen ion is added, it will neutralized by the base in buffer. Hydroxide ion will be neutralized by the acid. On the overall pH of the buffer solution, these neutralization reactions will not show much effect.

While when you select an acid as a buffer solution, try to use an acid acid that has a pH closed to your desired pH. This will help your buffer to achieve nearly equivalent amount of acid and conjugate base, so that it will enable to neutralize as much as H+ and OH -.

☛ Oxidation = When there is a loss of hydrogen or electrons, OR gain of oxygen is known as Oxidation reaction.

☛ Reduction = When there is a gain of hydrogen or electron OR loss of oxygen is known as reduction reaction

Example of oxidation-reduction reaction is observed in human body, when an electron is transferred into the cell and oxidation of glucose take place from which we get the energy.

Both techniques are used to the amount of chemical present in the solution. However they are almost similar but differs in

Molarity:

☛ Molarity is used to know the total amount of molecules in a 1 litre solution

☛ It is expressed as moles of a compound per litre of solution

Normality:

☛ Normality is used to know the total number of reactive units in 1 litre of solution

☛ It is expressed in equivalent per litre

Titration is a process to determine the molarity of a base or an acid. In this process a reaction is carried out between the known volumes of a solution with a known concentration, against the known volume of a solution with an unknown concentration.

Both methods are used to separate the components present in the solution based on the melting points

☛ Distillation : This technique is used when boiling point of chemicals are different in the mixtures

☛ Fractionation : This technique is used when boiling point of chemicals are close to each other in the mixtures

Fe or ferrous is the metal that is used to extract copper from the solution of copper sulphate.

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There are six main breeds of dairy cows: Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holstein, Jersey and Milking Shorthorn. A seventh, Red and White, is a variation of the Holstein breed.

In order to calculate the pH of a solution you have to use the formula pH= -log [H+] or pH = -log [H3O+]