“Cardiologist based Frequently Asked Questions in various Cardiologist job interviews by interviewer. These professional questions are here to ensures that you offer a perfect answers posed to you. So get preparation for your new job hunting”
6 H's,,
☛ hypovolemia
☛ hypothermia
☛ hypoxia
☛ hypo/hyperkalemia
☛ hypoglycemia
☛ hydrogens (acidosis)
6 T's...
☛ trauma
☛ tablets/toxins
☛ thrombosis (MI)
☛ thrombosis (PE)
☛ tension PTX
☛ tamponade.
Complications from surgery may arise, but with improvements in technology, in surgical procedures and with more surgery being performed at a younger age, the risk of complications is continually being reduced.
The possible complications are related to the specific type of surgery being performed and they vary widely depending on the nature of the problem which requires surgery.
CPK-MB's Coz they return normal after 4-5 days but the Troponins are raised for 4 weeks after 1st MI.
Congestive cardiac failure due to Ischemic heart disease Cor pulmonale Valvular heart disease like mitral stenosis Congenital heart disease like VSD Pericarditis and pericardial effusion.
☛ Kussmaul's sign is the observation of a jugular venous pressure (JVP, the filling of the jugular vein) that rises with inspiration. It can be seen in some forms of heart disease. Ordinarily the JVP falls with inspiration due to reduced pressure in the expanding thoracic cavity.
☛ Kussmaul's sign suggests impaired filling of the right ventricle due to either fluid in the pericardial space or a poorly compliant myocardium or pericardium.
Echocardiography - the use of ultrasound waves to create images of the heart chambers, valves and surrounding structures. Echocardiography can measure how well the heart is pumping blood (cardiac output), as well as determining levels of inflammation around the heart (pericarditis). Echocardiography can also be used to identify structural abnormalities or infections of the heart valves.
A number of symptoms are associated with heart failure, but none is specific for the condition. Perhaps the best known symptom is shortness of breath (“Dyspnea”). In heart failure, this may result from excess fluid in the lungs. The breathing difficulties may occur at rest or during exercise. In some cases, congestion may be severe enough to prevent or interrupt sleep.
Fatigue or easy tiring is another common symptom. As the heart’s pumping capacity decreases, muscles and other tissues receive less oxygen and nutrition, which are carried in the blood. Without proper “Fuel”, the body cannot perform as much work, which translates into fatigue.
Fluid accumulation, or edema, may cause swelling of the feet, ankles, legs, and occasionally, the abdomen. Excess fluid retained by the body may result in weight gain, which sometimes occurs fairly quickly.
Persistent coughing is another common sign, especially coughing that regularly produces mucus or pink, blood–tinged sputum. Some people develop raspy breathing or wheezing.
For return to normal range is between 36 to 72 hours.
In most families, abnormalities of the heart do not occur in siblings. In a few families, however, subsequent children may be affected. While it is inevitable that parents will be anxious about the health of their next baby, the risks are usually low. When one child has a congenital heart problem, the risk for the next pregnancy is usually between 2% and 4% (i.e. 1 in 50 to 1 in 25).
It is often possible to diagnose a major heart abnormality on an ultrasound scan carried out at around four months or later in the pregnancy. Mothers who have had a previous child with a heart problem will naturally hope that any new baby will be healthy. If they wish to have a scan in subsequent pregnancies, they will need to be referred to one of the experts in this specialised field. Such scans will usually be carried out at one of the major obstetric units in Melbourne or at the Royal Children's Hospital.
Arrhythmias and neurocardiogenic syncope.
Blood transfusion is required for many children who have heart surgery and sometimes for other reasons. Blood contains a variety of components, including the red blood cells which carry oxygen, proteins in the plasma and a number of special factors which are necessary for blood clotting to take place (e.g. platelets, fibrinogen, factor 8, etc.).
These components are sometimes given separately, e.g. platelets or plasma, where there is a problem needing treatment with specific blood products. It used to be thought that every child having heart surgery (especially open heart surgery) would need a blood transfusion. Nowadays, with much improved heart-lung bypass equipment, this is not always the case.
In young children (up to two or three years old) it is usually desirable to use blood products, as they may become severely or dangerously anaemic without them. In older children, depending on the complexity of the procedure and the amount of blood which they are likely to lose during the operation, it is often possible to manage without transfusion and when feasible, this is now the preferred option. All children will have their blood cross matched before surgery so that it is available if required.
Aerobic activity, such as swimming, brisk walking, running or biking, strengthens the heart. Cardiovascular disease ranks as number one killer, claiming the lives of more than 40% of those who die each year. So do regular exercise and a balanced diet.
Daniel Hale Williams.
Due to negative intrathoracic pressure and antigravity direction valvesprevent backward flow of blood.
85% of PATIENTS having MI show evidence on EKG.
They are Artificial Heart, Heart Lung Machine, Ventricular Assist Device and Intra Aortic Balloon Pump.
Interventional Cardiology - involves the use of intravascular catheter-based techniques with fluoroscopy to treat congenital cardiac, valvular and coronary artery diseases.
Blood Tracing is the process of tracing of the all capillaries, veins, arteries going from the right ventricle to the abdominal visceral organs and back up to the heart.
there are so many differences. It depends upon the size of the body and the physiology of the adult and children. A major difference between a Pediatric and an adult medicine is that the children are minors and in most of jurisdictions they cannot make any decisions for themselves. Therefore, the issues of the responsibility, seclusion, legal responsibility and informed permission must always be considered. In a sense, Pediatricians have to ask their parents before treating the children.
he provides all types of immediate health care duties. He acts as a promoter for the children in approving the public education, entrance to the health care and services to the children. These procedures have guided to better development and health of young people or children as well as a dwindling of morbidity and mortality rates.
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