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Consider any system where people use some kind of resources and compete for them. The non-computer examples for preemptive scheduling the traffic on the single lane road if there is emergency or there is an ambulance on the road the other vehicles give path to the vehicles that are in need. The example for preemptive scheduling is
people standing in queue for tickets.
Starvation:
Starvation is a resource management problem where a process does not get the resources it needs for a long time because the resources are being allocated to other processes.
Aging:
Aging is a technique to avoid starvation in a scheduling system. It works by adding an aging factor to the priority of each request. The aging factor must increase the request?s priority as time passes and must ensure that a request will eventually be the highest priority request (after it has waited long enough)
Virtual memory is double of RAM.As per question RAM is 128MB.so virtual memory is 256MB.
The concept of a logical address space that is bound to a separate physical address space is central to proper memory management.
Logical address generated by the CPU; also referred to as virtual address.
Physical address address seen by the memory unit.
Logical and physical addresses are the same in compile-time and load-time address-binding schemes; logical (virtual) and physical addresses differ in execution-time address-binding scheme
The thread library function performs the following actions to context switch between user level threads Copy all live registers to Thread control Block (TCB) Restore the state of the thread to run next i.e (copy the values of live registers from (TCB) to registers) Move to the next thread to execute
Processor:
A processor is the part a computer system that executes instructions .It is also called a CPU
Assembler:
An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. Some people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.
Compiler:
A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular programming language and turns them into machine language or "code" that a computer's processor uses. Typically, a programmer writes language statements in a language such as Pascal or C one line at a time using an editor. The file that is created contains what are called the source statements. The programmer then runs the appropriate language compiler, specifying the name of the file that contains the source statements.
Loader:
In a computer operating system, a loader is a component that locates a given program (which can be an application or, in some cases, part of the operating system itself) in offline storage (such as a hard disk), loads it into main storage (in a personal computer, it's called random access memory), and gives that program control of the compute
Linker:
Linker performs the linking of libraries with the object code to make the object code into an executable machine code.
Segments can be of different lengths, so it is harder to find a place for a segment in memory than a page. With segmented virtual memory, we get the benefits of virtual memory but we still have to do dynamic storage allocation of physical memory. In order to avoid this, it is possible to combine segmentation and paging into a two-level
virtual memory system. Each segment descriptor points to page table for that segment.This give some of the advantages of paging (easy placement) with some of the advantages of segments (logical division of the program).
Both Windows XP and 2000 come in different flavors like for XP u have Home,professional and Enterprise Edition.
With 2000 u have professional,Server/s as it professional is more like client pc in Client server Architecture can also be used for development environment XP home for rather general purpose users or say newbies with minimal configuration.
With 2000 server you have all the server capabilities plus on default u might have NTFS system rather than FAT or FAT32. pluse with server u have capabilities of hosting services like DHCP, DNS, TERMINAL SERVICES etc..
There would be a lot if i start explaining in detail but for a creamy part...this is more than enough
A hard real-time system guarantees that critical tasks complete on time. This goal requires that all delays in the system be bounded from the retrieval of the stored data to the time that it takes the operating system to finish any request made of it. A soft real time system where a critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains that priority until it completes. As in hard real time systems kernel delays need to be bounded
Recall that paging is implemented by breaking up an address into a page and offset number. It is most efficient to break the address into X page bits and Y offset bits, rather than perform arithmetic on the address to calculate the page number and offset. Because each bit position represents a power of 2, splitting an address between bits results in a page size that is a power of 2.
An address on a paging system is a logical page number and an offset. The physical page is found by searching a table based on the logical page number to produce a physical page number. Because the operating system controls the contents of this table, it can limit a process to accessing only those physical pages allocated to the
process. There is no way for a process to refer to a page it does not own because the page will not be in the page table. To allow such access, an operating system simply needs to allow entries for non-process memory to be added to the process?s page table. This is useful when two or more processes need to exchange data?they just read and write to the same physical addresses (which may be at varying logical addresses). This makes for very efficient interprocess communication.
Active is a centralize directory database it's provide single point of administration
what is DHCP
dynamic host configuration protocol
it is one of the network service which is provides the ip address dynamically to the DHCP client
it give ip address automatically to the client
WHAT IS DNS
do mine naming service
it provide ip to host and host to ip
Main component of operating system are kernel and shell.
Shell is a interface between application program and kernel whenever application program wants some work to be done It contacts kernel and kernel inturn perform work with the help of device drivers .thus we can say kernel is an interface between hardware and shell.
Kernel uses device drivers to control microcontroller card of peripheral device and inturn work is being accomplished.
application program -> [shells ->kernel ->device driver -> controller card -> physical hardware]
Dynamic Loading:
► Routine is not loaded until it is called
► Better memory-space utilization; unused routine is never loaded.
► Useful when large amounts of code are needed to handle infrequently occurring cases.
► No special support from the operating system is required implemented through program design.
Dynamic Linking:
► Linking postponed until execution time.
► Small piece of code, stub, used to locate the appropriate memory-resident library routine.
► Stub replaces itself with the address of the routine, and executes the routine.
► Operating system needed to check if routine is in processes? memory address.
► Dynamic linking is particularly useful for libraries.
Overlays:
► Keep in memory only those instructions and data that are needed at any given time.
► Needed when process is larger than amount of memory allocated to it.
► Implemented by user, no special support needed from operating system, programming design of overlay structure is complex.
Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler; this involves:
Switching context
Switching to user mode
Jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program
Dispatch latency ? time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another running.
Unix and Windows use completely different paradigms for run-time loading of code. Before you try to build a module that can be dynamically loaded, be aware of how your system works.
In Unix, a shared object (.so) file contains code to be used by the program, and also the names of functions and data that it expects to find in the program. When the file is joined to the program, all references to those functions and data in the file's code are changed to point to the actual locations in the program where the functions and data are placed in memory. This is basically a link operation.
In Windows, a dynamic-link library (.dll) file has no dangling references. Instead, an access to functions or data goes through a lookup table. So the DLL code does not have to be fixed up at runtime to refer to the program's memory; instead, the code already uses the DLL's lookup table, and the lookup table is modified at runtime to point to the functions and data.
In Unix, there is only one type of library file (.a) which contains code from several object files (.o). During the link step to create a shared object file (.so), the linker may find that it doesn't know where an identifier is defined. The linker will look for it in the object files in the libraries; if it finds it, it will include all the code from that object file.
Switching the CPU to another process requires saving the state of the old process and loading the saved state for the new process. This task is known as a context switch. Context-switch time is pure overhead, because the system does no useful work while switching. Its speed varies from machine to machine, depending on the memory
speed, the number of registers which must be copied, the existed of special instructions(such as a single instruction to load or store all registers).
The purpose of the lexical analyzer is to partition the input text, delivering a sequence of comments and basic symbols. Comments are character sequences to be ignored, while basic symbols are character sequences that correspond to terminal symbols of the grammar defining the phrase structure of the input
► When, and how often, to invoke depends on:
How often a deadlock is likely to occur?
How many processes will need to be rolled back?
► If detection algorithm is invoked arbitrarily, there may be many cycles in the resource graph and so we would not be able to tell which of the many deadlocked processes ?caused? the deadlock.
► Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines.
► Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction.
► Incoming interrupts are disabled while another interrupt is being processed to prevent a lost interrupt.
► A trap is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or a user request.
► An operating system is interrupt driven.
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