Biotechnology

Any drug that is designed to be given orally, i.m. s.c. or i.v. and acts on the brain MUST cross the blood-brain barrier.

E.g. Opiates, anxiolytics, SSRI's, anti-psychotics

Drug needs to be lipid (fat) soluble to cross the BBB.

Cytokines activate inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and eosnophils.IL-5 is important in activation of eosnophils, IL-4 increases IgE production by B-cells. IL-4, Il-5, IL-6, TNF-a has been secreted by human mast cells.

It is a hemolytic disease, which develops in newborn. Maternal IgG antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the red bleed cells. This develops when an Rh+ expresses an Rh antigen on blood cells that the mother does not express.

Is an antibody that binds to any of the blood cells, enter the mother’s blood circulation, and facilitate their clearance by activation of B-cells and memory cell production.

Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease. This disease is observed frequently in young children. There will be skin eruptions.

There are three types of histamine receptors. They are H1, H2 and H3.They has different tissue distributions.

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins are formed only when the mast cell undergo degranulation and enzymatic break down of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.

The effects produced by them are more pronounced and long lasting than histamine. Leukotrienes mediate mucous production and bronchoconstriction. Prostaglandin D2 causes bronchoconstriction.

It is formed by the decarboxylation of amino acid histidine. It accounts for 10% of granule weight. This histamine binds to specific receptors on various target cells.

When H2 binds to mast cells and basophils it suppresses degranulation.

Secondary mediators are produced after target cell activation or released by the break down of phospholipids membrane during the process of degarnulation. Some of the secondary mediators are leukotrienes, various cytokines, prostaglandins etc.

There are four types of hypersensitive reactions, they are:

Type I hypersensitive reaction

Type II hypersensitive reaction

Type III hypersensitive reaction

Type IV hypersensitive reaction

There are four steps in bacterial infection. They are:

Attachment to host

Proliferation

Invasion of host tissue

Toxin-induced damage to host cell

Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, good pasture’s syndrome

Some of the Infectious diseases are Malaria, meningitis, trypanosomiasis, hepatitis etc…

It is IgG mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity. Typical manifestations include erythroblastosis fetalis, hemolytic anemia, blood transfusion reactions etc.

Symptoms include fever, weakness, rashes, with erythema and edema. Serum sickness depends on the immune complexes formed and the size of the complexes.

It is immune complex mediated hypersensitivity. Typical manifestations include rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness, necrotizing etc.

When an individual is exposed to foreign serum antigen then a combination of symptoms are produced which is called as serum sickness.

It is cell-mediated hypersensitivity. Typical manifestations include graft rejection, dermatitis etc.

It is IgE mediated hypersensitivity. Typical manifestations include asthma, food allergies, eczema, hay fever etc.