21⟩ What is a binder?
The binding protein (usually antibody) which binds to the ligand is called as binder.
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200 Immunology Questions And Answers
22⟩ What is an analyte or ligand?
The substance whose concentration is to be determined is called as an analyte or ligand.
23⟩ What is importance of radio immuno assay?
It is the most sensitive technique used for detecting antigen or antibody. This type of reaction is also called as binder ligand assay.
24⟩ In radio immuno assay what is the used to label an antigen?
In this technique, the antigen is generally labeled with a- emitting isotopes such as I125.
25⟩ What is radio immuno assay?
It is a competitive binding assay in which fixed amount of antibody and radiolabelled antigen react in the presence of unlabelled antigen.
26⟩ What is western blotting?
Identification of specific protein in a complex mixture of proteins can be accomplished bye a technique that is known as western blotting.
27⟩ What are the enzymes used for labeling of antibodies?
Enzymes used for labeling of antibodies are horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, ß- galactosidase, lacto preoxidase, etc.
28⟩ What is the significance of indirect ELISA?
It is used for the detection of the presence of serum antibodies against immuno deficiency virus (HIV, the causative agent of AIDS).
29⟩ In how many ways ELISA can be carried out.
It can be carried out in three ways.
Indirect ELISA
Sand witch ELISA
Competitive ELISA
30⟩ What is the significance of ELISA?
It is used for the detection and for identification of either antigen or antibody.
31⟩ Name two enzymes that have been employed for ELISA.
1. Alkaline, phosphatase, horseradish, preoxidase
2. Para nitro phenyl phosphatase
32⟩ What is the basic principle of ELISA?
The basic principle is an enzyme conjugated to n antibody reacts with a colorless substrate to generate a colored product.
33⟩ What is the full form of ELISA?
Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay.
34⟩ What are the uses of indirect immuno fluorescence?
1. For identifying bacterial species
2. Detecting antigen-antibody complexes in autoimmune diseases
3. Detecting compliment components in tissues.
4. Localizing hormones
35⟩ What are the advantages of indirect immuno fluorescence?
The primary does not need to be conjugated with label.
It increases the sensitivity of staining because multiple fluorochrome reagents will bind to each antibody molecule.
This method has great flexibility.
36⟩ What is indirect immuno fluorescence?
In a method the primary unlabelled antibody is detected with a number of reagents have been developed for indirect staining. The most common is fluorescence labeled anti isotype antibody such as fluoroscin labeled goat- mouse antibody.
37⟩ What is the disadvantage of direct immuno fluorescence?
A separate fluorescent conjugate have to be prepared against each antigen to be tested.
38⟩ What is direct immuno fluorescence?
In this method, the species antibodies are primary antibodies, which are directly conjugated to fluorescent dye.
39⟩ Into how many types is immuno fluorescence is divided?
Immuno fluorescence is divided into 2 types-
1. Direct immuno fluorescence
2. Indirect immuno fluorescence
40⟩ What are the most commonly used fluorescent dyes?
The most commonly used fluorescent dyes are fluorescin or rhodamine. Both dyes can be conjugated to Fc region of antibody without affecting the specificity of the antigen.
