Design Engineering

Cars are made from many various minerals. The steel body is made from the iron-rich minerals like magnetite and hematite. Door handles and badges are often coated in chromium which comes from chromite. Some of the other minerals used are aluminum, quartz, copper, magnesium, zinc, tin etc.

These types of joints are used to connect two rods, which are under compressive or tensile stress. The ends of the rods are in the manner of a socket and shaft that fit together and the cotter is driven into a slot that is common to both pieces drawing them tightly together. The tensile strength of the steel is proportionate to the strength needed to offset the stress on the material divided by the number of joints employed.

Diamond is currently the hardest material, made up of carbon atoms which cannot move. Carbon is the only atom that can have four electrons in the second shell surrounding the carbon nucleus, precisely why making a diamond the hardest material. However, there also are claims by a few to a new rare material called Wurtzite Boron Nitride which has a structure similar to a diamond but has some other atoms in place of carbon.

A positive displacement pump causes a liquid or gas to move by trapping a fixed amount of fluid or gas and then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Positive displacement pumps can be further classified as either rotary-type (for example the rotary vane) or lobe pumps similar to oil pumps used in car engines. These pumps give a non-pulsating output or displacement unlike the reciprocating pumps. Hence, they are called positive displacement pumps.

Martensite transformation begins when austenite is cooled below a certain critical temperature, called the matrensite start temperature. As we go below the martensite start temperature, more and more martensite forms and complete transformation occurs only at a temperature called martensire finish temperature. Formation of martensite requires that the austenite phase must be cooled rapidly.

Once again, the question brings the focus to the “why” of the design. Force the applicant to hypothesize about possible reasons why ellipses might be more effective than circles to see if their thought process will carry over to your needs.

A micron is 1000th part of 1mm. That is divide 1mm into 1000 equal parts the value that you would get is 1micron. For example the diameter of human hair is approximately 70 to 80 microns.

In general, gear drive is useful for power transmission between two shafts, which are near to each other (at most at 1m distance). In addition, it has maximum efficiency while transmitting power. It is durable compare to other such as belts chain drives etc. You can change the power to speed ratio.

Advantages: -

☛ It is used to get various speeds in different load conditions.

☛ It increases fuel efficiency.

☛ Increases engine efficiency.

☛ Need less power input when operated manually.

In order to find total heat loss through the pipes it is imperative to know the thermal conductivity and the differing thicknesses of each layer. The ground that surrounds the pipe also acts as a layer of insulation. Considering this, the thermal properties of the stoneless sand is included in the heat loss calculation.

Digital Twin Spark Ignition. This is used for a better fuel combustion in the cylinder head which helps provide better efficiency and optimum use of fuel.

The cylinder head has two spark plugs, instead of the usual one. When two sparks are generated at either ends of the combustion chamber, the air-fuel mixture is ignited in a way that creates two flame fronts. A higher rate of combustion is achieved leading to higher rise in pressure. The outcome of this is more torque, better fuel efficiency and lower emissions.

☛ Clearance fit

☛ Interference fit

☛ Transition fit

It is the temperature below which the tendency of a material to fracture increases rather than forming. Below this temperature the material loses its ductility. It is also called Nil Ductility Temperature.

LNG pipes are curved because LNG is condensed gas (-164 deg cel) so it can expand the pipes that is what engineers designed the LNG pipes are curve type.

Normally galvanized pipes are not used for steam. Mild steel with screwed or welded fittings are the norm. Pressure and temperature are very important factors to be considered in what type of materials to be used. Steam even at low pressures can be extremely dangerous.

☛ Precision & Accuracy

☛ Reduced rework cost

☛ Reduced Defects

☛ Increased understanding

Copper conducts heat faster than steel or brass. In most cases, material that is good for conducting heat is also good for electricity.

A pipe is measured based on its inner diameter (ID) whereas a tube is measured based on the outer diameter (OD). Other than the dimensions there is no major difference between the two.

A Process Flow Diagram (or System Flow Diagram) shows the relationships between the major components in the system. It also has basic information concerning the material balance for the process.