MCSE

Taking raw data bits and packaging them into frames. The network layer will be responsible for addressing the frames, while the physical layer is responsible for retrieving and sending raw data bits.

The order by which the network protocols are used for client-server communications is binding order. The most frequently used protocols should be at the top.

Each IP packet is assigned a checksum, so if the checksums do not match on both receiving and transmitting ends, the data was modified or corrupted.

They are really two different technologies. IPSec secures the TCP/IP communication and protects the integrity of the packets. Certificate-based security ensures the validity of authenticated clients and servers.

It is a file stored on a host machine, which is used to resolve NetBIOS to specific IP addresses.

Forward lookup is name-to-address; the reverse lookup is address-to-name.

Use the domain recovery agent.

UTP - unshielded twisted pair 10BASE-T is the preferred Ethernet medium of the 90s. It is based on a star topology. It provides a number of advantages over coaxial media.

It uses inexpensive, readily available copper phone wire. UTP wire is much easier to install and debug than coax. UTP uses RG-45 connectors, which are cheap and reliable.

Routers are machines that direct a packet through the maze of networks that stand between its source and destination. Normally a router is used for internal networks while a gateway acts a door for the packet to reach the 'outside' of the internal network.

Semaphore is synchronization tool to solve critical-section problem, can be used to control access to the critical section for a process or thread. The main disadvantage (same of mutual-exclusion) is requiring busy waiting. It will create problems in a multiprogramming system, where a single CPU is shared among many processes.

Busy waiting wastes CPU cycles.

Deadlock is a situation when two or more processes are waiting indefinitely for an event that can be caused by only one of the waiting processes. The implementation of a semaphore with a waiting queue may result in this situation.

NAT is Network address Translation (IP address translate from local IP to global IP and vice versa)PAT is Port address translation (port are translate from local to global IP's) like on port 8080 web service port 80 will work on PAT. It is more over NAT only.

Folder sharing is a utility of modern OS, through this we can share the necessary files and documents over the network/within the network for accessing remotely.

In windows OS family, Right click on My Computer--> manage --> shared Folders.Using Group policy we can set the privileges to the shared folders.

Modem is modulator demodulator modulator converts bits transferred into electrical pulses demodulator converts electrical pulses into bits. It is very useful in networking when we r using internet.

Active directory is the main part of 2003 server. The active directory installing the computer all hosts provide rooming service. In addition, user all information contain in the active directory.

IP number is a data transfer and without IP number, not any handle data and without tcp not transfer the data. In addition, not reached the data will not transfer.

Start-Run-Type CMD -- Then type below command in commandPrompt Net stop <service name> Net start "<service>"

Netstat-a : displays IP, listening port idsNetstat /? : help

1. Request

2. Indication

3. Response

4. Confirmation